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Hiperlipidemija

August 22, 2009

Hiperlipidemija - molekul holesterola

Hiperlipidemija - molekul holesterola

Hiperlipidemija predstavlja grupu poremećaja karakterizovanih viškom masnoća u krvi, kao što su kolesterol, trigliceridi i lipoproteini.

Uzroci, učestalost i faktori rizika kod hiperlipidemije

Hiperlipidemija je prouzrokovana viškom lipida u krvi i važan je faktor rizika za nastanak ateroskleroze i bolesti srca. Hiperlipidemija može biti prouzrokovana genetskim faktorima, kao kod nekih naslednih bolesti, ili sekundarnim faktorima kod stečene hiperlipidemije.

Oblici lipida u krvi su holesterol, trigliceridi i lipoproteini, koji su molekule masti i holesterola vezane na proteine.

Vrste lipoproteina su:

  • lipoproteini vrlo male gustoće (VLDL),
  • lipoproteini male gustoće (LDL) i
  • lipoproteini srednje gustoće (IDL).

Hilomikroni su takođe klasifikovani kao lipoproteini i sastavljeni su od triglicerida, holesterola i proteina. Takođe postoje lipoproteini velike gustoće (HDL) koji su u obrnutom odnosu prema riziku od srčane bolesti i zato su poznati kao faktori “protivrizika”.

Postoji 6 tipova hiperlipidemije koji se razlikuju prema vrsti(ama) lipida koji su povišeni u krvi. Neki od tipova mogu biti prouzrokovani primarnim poremećajem kao što je nasledna hiperlipidemija, a neki su posledica sekundarnih uzroka.

Sekundarni uzroci hiperlipidemije su u vezi s bolestima povezanim s hiperlipidemijom, prehrambenim faktorima rizika i lekovima povezanim s hiperlipidemijom.

Faktori rizika za ovu bolest su:

  • šećerna bolest,
  • hipotiroidizam,
  • Cushingov sindrom, kao i
  • određeni tipovi zatajenja bubrega.

Faktori rizika vezani uz lekove su:

  • kontraceptivne pilule;
  • hormoni kao što su estrogeni i kortikosteroidi;
  • određeni diuretici; i
  • beta-blokatori.

Prehrambeni faktori rizika su:

  • unos masti u ishraniveći od 40% ukupnih kalorija;
  • unos zasićenih masti u ishraniveći od 10% ukupnih kalorija;
  • unos holesterola veći od 300 miligrama dnevno;
  • hroničan preteran unos alkohola; i
  • povećana telesna težina.

Učestalost hiperlipidemije u populaciji je 1 %. Bolest je češća kod muškaraca nego kod žena.

Hiperlipidemija nema karakterističnih simptoma.

Pregledi kod hiperlipidemije

Kod hiperlipidemije sprovode se klinički pregledi i laboratorijska ispitivanja radi utvrđivanja sekundarnih uzroka hiperlipidemije ili naslednih poremećaja, ako su povišene vrednosti lipoproteina. Normalne vrednosti holesterola i triglicerida zavise od životnoj dobi pacijenta.

Lečenje hiperlipidemije

Cilj lečenja hiperlipidemije je smanjenje rizika od ateroskleroze i kardiovaskularne bolesti pomoću lečenja koje ima za cilj sniženje nivoa lipida u krvi.

Promena ishrane je početni korak u lečenju. Kod osoba koje imaju preveliku telesnu težinu, preporučuje se smanjenje težine do idealne telesne težine. Smanjenje ukupnih kalorija, holesterola i zasićenih masnoća dovoljno je kod većine ljudi. Stepen ograničenja u ishrani proporcionalan je stepenu hiperlipidemije.

Ako u roku od 2 meseca, tokom koja se sprovodi preporučeni režim ishrane ne dođe do normalizacije laboratorijskih nalaza, počinje se s terapijom ljekovima.

Terapija lekovima i dijetom verojatno će se nastaviti tokom celog života osobe. Periodično praćenje nivoa lipida i holesterola u krvi potrebno je da bi se odredio odgovor na lečenje. Studije su pokazale da smanjenje visokih vrednosti holesterola u krvi ne umanjuje progresiju ateroskleroze.

Komplikacije kod hiperlipidemije

Kada se obratiti lekaru

Ovo stanje obično ustanovi lekar kad pregledava rezultate laboratorijskih analiza. Ako imate hiperlipidemiju, morate biti svesni da imate povećani rizik od srčane bolesti.

Prevencija hiperlipidemije

Pregledi radi otkrivanja hiperlipidemije trebaju biti deo rutinske provere zdravlja za osobe između 20 i 30 godina starosti. Smanjenje prehrambenih faktora rizika održavanjem idealne telesne težine, dobro uravnotežena ishrana sa malo masnoća i ograničenje unosa holesterola pomoći će u sprečavanju pojave hiperlipidemije.

Autor KardioNet · u Bolesti srca 
O autoru: KardioNet je prvi domaći Internet portal - servis koji pružaocima zdravstvenih usluga u domenu kardiologije, naučno-istraživačkim organizacijama, lekarima, predstavnicima farmaceutske i industrije medicinske opreme, države i fondova osiguranja, kao i pacijentima i zdravoj populaciji, omogućava pristup traženim medicinskim informacijama u bilo kom momentu, sa bilo kog mesta.

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